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Beginner finds a home, creates an oasis, and teaches others

Grant displays his electric G conversion at a PFI Field Day, fall 2012

**Note: The date for this event was changed after the original blog post. August 23, 24, 25 are the correct dates**

Grant Schultz is a beginning farmer in Practical Farmers’ Savings Incentive Program. Find out more about him and his farming efforts at his website Versaland.com

Despite years of successful commercial garlic growing and having an active role in the new food and farm movement Grant Schultz had a problem all too common to beginning farmers: land access. He was on a constant search for land both to produce the next year’s crop and to buy and finally put-down roots. Grant is not the type to sit idly by as seen by his previous projects including an electric tractor conversion, a home-made garlic separator, and more. Permanent access to land that would enable him to establish his big-picture ideas, however, remained elusive.

Some contacts at the 2013 Practical Farmers Annual Conference led to a permanent home for Grant’s farm. (The rest of that story is coming in a future blog.) Versaland Farm was established near Iowa City this spring and Grant hit the ground running. He set to work establishing a healthy managed ecosystem starting with crop-to-pasture conversion, perennial crop establishment, and keyline design, among others.

As a package the concepts are variously referred to as permaculture, restoration agriculture, regenerative farming, and whole systems design. Practices include multi-species grazing, alley cropping, and agro-forestry. Key terms are sustainability, resiliency, and on-farm integration.

Grant demonstrates his home-built garlic clove separator, fall 2012

Grant will host a workshop Aug 23, 24, and 25 called “Restoration Ag 101: Keyline Farm Design – Perennial Food and Forage.” Restoration agriculture guru and author Mark Shepard will bring his 20yrs of workshop experience to the event. Learn from an expert, see the systems hands-on at Grant’s Versaland Farm, and hear a beginning farmer success story.

 

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Specialized Farm Equipment Showcase dodges the rain

 

Several dozen people braved the always cloudy skies to visit the 5th annual Specialized Small-Farm Equipment Showcase held at Kymar Acres in Waukon. Kyle and Mari Holthaus opened their farm to guests looking to kick the tires on specialty production equipment from event co-host Windridge Implements. A diverse mix of flower, herb, and vegetable plants from Kymar’s greenhouse were available for sale. Wines from Empty Nest Winery and cheese from WW Homestead Dairy were on display and Bear Creek 4H had tables full of baked goods.

Due to the wet conditions this spring field demonstrations of the equipment were a struggle. For this equipment so unique in Iowa just the ability to see and touch it was quite sufficient. The assortment included BCS walking tractors and Jang seeders. The mix of transplanters, bed-shapers, tillers, and planters were attached to tractors ranging from 40 to 110 horsepower. This hands-on realism was applicable to those considering a purchase and others just wanting to understand the specialized equipment. 

 

Another helpful feature was a full description and explanation, including price, laminated and prominently attached to each machine. Questions could be directed to the several Kymar Acres and Windridge Implements staff on-hand all day. They are all knowledgeable about the equipment and most have practical, working experience with them.

Vegetable and other specialty crops continue to expand and diversify in Iowa as the marketplace demands it. The state’s farmers, beginners and experienced, need access to this type of equipment in order to efficiently produce these crops. This equipment on display in a relaxed, on-farm atmosphere is a great opportunity for farmers to access their options. Plan to attend next year when the dedicated people at Kymar Acres and Windridge Implements put on another great event. Date not set yet but typically an early SATURDAY in June.

Posted in Field Day, Horticulture, Local Foods, Next Generation | Tagged , , , , | 1 Comment

On-Farm Poultry Processing for Home Use

**note**  The extended post contains photos and descriptions of poultry processing – be mindful if you don’t like the sight of blood.

Nearly 30 people “got practical” at Kim Alexander’s hands-on poultry processing field day on June 5.  Blessed with good weather and good company, the crew learned how to humanely, quickly, and efficiently slaughter and butcher chickens for personal use or for small-scale on-farm sales.

Continue reading »

Posted in Diversity, Field Day, Grazing, Poultry | Leave a comment

What is the Opposite of a Monoculture?

This is a guest post by ISU students Caroline Oliveira, Gabrielle Roesch and Maria Van Der Maaten, summarizing research they conducted in fall 2012 for a class through the Graduate Program in Sustainable Agriculture at Iowa State University.

Biodiversity is absolutely essential for a healthy ecosystem and some would argue it is vital for long-term productivity of the land. We need to better understand what farmers think about biodiversity and how that translates to their actions in the field. Biodiversity has many interpretations but generally is seen as diverse genetics, species and species interactions within ecosystems. Biodiversity is found in both cultivated and wild systems and is reliant on landscape-level ecosystem interactions. To enhance management practices that increase biodiversity, we must better understand the farmers’ perspectives. Therefore we wanted to answer the question: How do Iowa farmer members of Practical Farmers of Iowa (PFI) and Women, Food and Agriculture Network (WFAN) perceive biodiversity on their farms? We explored this question through an online survey and conducted three in-depth interviews.

Most participants thought biodiversity included all species on the farm, including crops, livestock and wild species. One- quarter of participants see biodiversity primarily as diversity of crops and domestic animal breeds. The interview responses mirror the survey results. Seth Watkins, a farmer in southeast Iowa, defined biodiversity as “the opposite of a monoculture… finding the proper mix of plants and animals that complement, protect and improve the environment around them.”

The majority of respondents were already implementing various management practices that enhance biodiversity on their farms (see Table 1. Click to enlarge). Overall, respondents wanted to adopt more practices rather than simply increase what they already had. The practices with the biggest difference between what farmers currently implement and what they want to establish included limiting herbicide and pesticide applications, increasing cover crops and installing nesting boxes for birds and bats. On the whole, it appears that participants are very interested in managing their farming operations to encourage greater biodiversity.

Survey respondents were critical of issues in Iowa that they believed negatively impacted biodiversity (see Table 2. Click to enlarge). Monoculture, and specifically the emphasis on corn production, was identified as problematic, particularly the price of corn and beans driving people to plant more crops fencerow to fencerow. Interviewees echoed this idea about monoculture and Roundup Ready (GMO) crops being the antithesis of biodiversity. One PFI farmer from central Iowa said: “A lot more people should worry about what they are doing. The soybean and corn guys are going to kill the whole population. They are going to go until there is no soil left, so I think we need to change our practices. I can’t save the world, I’ve only got 500 acres.” A similar notion was expressed by PFI and WFAN farmer Chris Henning who said, “I think it is going to take something like Hurricane Sandy to convince people that nature means business and that we need to do what we can do.”

Farmers provided valuable information that can help pave the way for future research on biodiversity in Iowa. Our results show that participants perceive biodiversity as diversity of plant and animal species, but they are also aware of microorganisms, especially in the soil, that are essential for a healthy ecosystem. Participants indicated that the diversity on their farm has benefitted them, both financially and ethically. In addition, PFI and WFAN farmers appear to be very willing to improve their management strategies to increase biodiversity on their farms and to further develop habitat for wild species.

Outreach and education needs to emphasize specific species of concern in Iowa while promoting management strategies that could improve habitat for these species. Management practices or additions such as adding cover crops, increasing perennial systems, limiting herbicides and pesticides, and providing habitat additions (bird houses or woody debris) are likely to be received well by PFI and WFAN farmers while potentially having positive economic and environmental impacts.

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Perennial Forage & Marketing Systems for Beef Cattle

An erratic spring and risk of thunder didn’t stop sixty people from attending Dan Specht’s field day on May 22.  Organized by PFI, Iowa Learning Farms, and ISU Extension, the day featured grazier Dan Specht, University of Wisconsin agent Vance Haugen, farmer and marketer Eric Klien, and Audubon Society representative Justin Pepper.

Continue reading »

Posted in Biodiversity, Conservation, Field Day, General, Grazing | Leave a comment

Washing Away Our Black Gold

I needed to keep my hands on the wheel and my eyes on the road Tuesday while motoring through driving rain, thunder and lightning, but I was able to take many disheartening glimpses of water and Iowa farmland running in rapids through the fields, even out onto the roads.

Iowa has lost a tremendous amount of its black gold soil this week. A tragic loss, and the intense rains are forecasted to continue after the weekend.

One member reports: “There are ephemeral gullies everywhere, even in no-till fields. It is so hard to look at all the erosion. I think almost every river in Iowa is in flood stage. This is the most difficult spring I remember. I recall my Dad finishing planting corn on Memorial Day in about 1965, the latest he ever planted.”

Another member writes: “Easily the worst spring in history around here. 20 inches of rain since April first. All of Northern Iowa has had severe erosion.”

On Tuesday, the closer I got to the PFI offices in Ames, though, the more my resolve strengthened to continue the work at Practical Farmers to keep our black gold covered whenever possible. We need more farmers planting cover crops and third crops. We need to make sure that grass-based operations –where the land is permanently covered–prove profitable.

There is so much to do, and so many of you already doing it, and others ready to start!

Check out the accompanying photo here, of corn emerging in a rye cover crop from Mark and Melanie Peterson’s farm. A mat of living or dead cover crop or well managed pastures can absorb the raindrop’s energy, reducing the amount of force from heavy, intense rainfalls. Keeping the soil covered through the spring planting season, the time of the most intense rains, keeps that soil in place. “What happens on the farm needs to stay on the farm,” Mark says.

A couple of years ago, Practical Farmers started our very successful “don’t farm naked” campaign to call attention to the need for cover crops. Our campaign slogan is a light-hearted one, but the erosion problem it addresses is one that threatens our future. As David Montgomery points out in Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations: Our soil is the root of our existence, supporting our feet, our farms, our cities.

Posted in Field Crops | 2 Comments

Curious About Our Finances?

Gail Hickenbottom, one of PFI's valuable supporters

Curious About Practical Farmers of Iowa’s Finances? Here’s what you should know:

We are financially strong. Our programming – and budget — has grown from just over $600,000 in Fiscal Year 2008 to just under $1.5 million this year.

Individual donations are the most important. Last fiscal year, about 8 percent of our funding came from individual contributions and another 8 percent from event fees and sponsorships. The more support we have from individuals, the more quickly we can respond to our members’ programming priorities.

Our funding is heavily from grants. Last year 84 percent of our operating budget came from grant sources. This grant funding is from a variety of sources (we are now managing 28 different grants!), so our funding is more stable than that of organizations that rely on just a few grants.

Practical Farmers will thrive in lean times. Practical Farmers is building reserves in order to help us through any big financial hits that might be coming. Unrestricted reserves as of September 30, 2012, were $351,000. We have two endowments with the Community Foundation for Greater Des Moines that totaled about $170,000 at the end of our last fiscal year.

We are committed to supporting our members. We pay stipends to members who conduct on-farm research and demonstration, lead field days, speak at workshops, and more. Last fiscal year, we paid out about $84,000 in these stipends. This level of financial support for members is unusual in the nonprofit world. PFI staff know that most of you who are members would be delighted to volunteer your expertise; our financial “nod” is another way to show that you are valued.

We will help the next generation of farmers succeed. We now have about $271,000 being held in Lincoln Savings Bank for our Savings Incentive Program, which matches beginning farmers’ savings, helps them hone a business plan and learn from experienced farmers and other beginners.

Do you have more financial questions? Contact me at Teresa@practicalfarmers.org. Or contact our dynamite Finance and Benefits Manager, Suzi Howk, at suzi@practicalfarmers.org

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Farm Bill Update

The Farm Bill is rolling again. Last week, versions of the bill moved through the House and Senate Ag committees in the process called “mark-up.” Iowa is uniquely poised with 3 of our congressfolk on these committees (Grassley & Harkin in the Senate; King in the House), so our Action Alert crew was called in to ask our leaders for support for beginning farmers and CSP & EQIP.

Thank you to all that were able to call, email, tweet, and fax our members of Congress. The best news for PFI in these committee bills is restored funding for the Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program for next year. As usual, the bills come with a mix of wins and losses. Both bills improve on support for beginning farmers and diversified crop/livestock farms. While working-land conservation programs, like CSP and EQIP, didn’t fare as well.

Now the Farm Bill has the full attention of the Senate – with floor debate happening now and continuing through roughly the end of this week. It’s almost certain that they won’t finish with the farm bill on Friday and will instead resume sometime after next week’s weeklong Memorial Day recess.

Many policy items we focus on aren’t in the spotlight currently, so Practical Farmers is watching from the sidelines as amendments are filed in the Senate. Amendments concerning CSP (Conservation Stewardship Program) are still possible, so we will be watching for these and ready to share more stories with our Senators about how these programs help Practical Farmers.

For more up-to-date information, I’d encourage you to follow our friends at the National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition here: http://sustainableagriculture.net/

Also, if you’d like to be added to our email list for Policy Action Alerts, please contact me at drake@practicalfarmers.org

As the Farm Bill progresses through the Senate and starts in the House – I’ll be in touch.

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Use Both Hands…no really, USE BOTH HANDS!

Working on a farm this summer? Don’t leave home without some tips from farmers.

It is mid-May and many farms are working full steam ahead right now. Undoubtedly that means new laborers are getting those first few experiences that advance them along their beginning farmer path!

PFI members Julia Slocum of Ames, Iowa (Lacewing Acres) and Jill Beebout of Chariton, Iowa (Blue Gate Farm) delivered an incredible address earlier this spring during a Practical Farmers of Iowa online farm seminar (a.k.a. farminar) entitled “Network with other PFI Beginning Farmer Trainees and Trainers. This farminar covered what beginning farmers need to know to get the most out of an on-the-job training farm experience. Julia shared the lessons learned during a couple years of working for other farmers as a trainee, while Jill shared more than a decade of farmer employer/trainer experience.

Watch this entire farminar recorded and available online at: https://connect.extension.iastate.edu/p5ntjnzo9n1/

More than 60 other farminars are available online so you can hear the word from farmers on a variety of production, marketing, regulations, and other topics of interest.

Here is to a safe and rewarding growing season! Enjoy!

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Spring Cover Crop Data Collection

Several staffers from Practical Farmers of Iowa and Iowa Learning Farms traveled to fields across the state this spring to conduct field research. Their task was to measure and document the in-field effects of growing cover crops. Farmers active in both organizations graciously gave access to their fields and often joined the crew to offer insights and at times, directions.

Cover crop biomass samples were collected with a one square foot sampling quadrat. Many other sampling quadrats were distributed so farmers could mail their own biomass samples to Practical Farmers. Back in Ames PFI staffer Tomoko Ogawa is amassing the samples to be tested for total Nitrogen and Carbon at Iowa State University’s Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory. Thanks to Tomoko for organizing the trips and sharing her office with mounds of forage sample bags. 

At some locations other testing was done as well, underground. Soil samples and bulk density cores were taken to gauge conditions below the surface. These also go to the lab to determine soil type, structure, and compaction.  Cornell University’s Sprinkle Infiltrometer was used to collect soil hydrology data. The infiltrometer simulates rain, in this case about ¼ inch per hour. The volume of runoff can be measured as well. At these sites “time to runoff” ranged from about a minute to almost an hour.

Some sites have been sampled for many years and others were sampled for the first time. The data collected will help gauge the long-term effects of cover crops and different management practices on various factors of soil quality. The combination of above ground biomass, below ground soil conditions, and overall hydrologic performance tells a complete story farmers can use to make their own decisions about cover crops. 

The results of this research will be analyzed then shared and distributed in typical Practical Farmers of Iowa and Iowa Learning Farms fashion. For more information contact Tomoko Ogawa at Practical Farmers of Iowa. 515.232.5661 & tomoko@practicalfarmers.org

 

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Brassica cover crops as biofumigants

 

Last month, I attended a workshop on cover crops for fruit and vegetable farms, hosted by Iowa State University Extension.

An especially interesting part of the workshop for me was the talk on the cover crops as biofumigants in vegetable production. Brassica cover crops including radish, mustard and turnip can suppress pests such as insects, nematodes, weeds and fungi. Because of the ability of brassica cover crops to produce toxic compounds that are effective for suppressing pests, they are called biofumigants. Biofurmigation refers to the process of breaking down brassica cover crops, releasing toxic compounds and incorporating them into the soil.

However, simply planting brassica cover crops does not automatically improve everything, of course. For example, while brassica cover crops improved yields for celery, onion and eggplants in some studies, Dr. Ajay Nair at Iowa State University talked about the study in which musk melon suffered lower yield after brassica cover crops. The cause, he explained, was most likely because the period between biofumigation and melon seeding was too short. Also, when using brassica cover crops as biofumigants, Ajay reminded the workshop attendees to remember to mow all the time as mowing gives biofumigation capacity.

Besides the effect of biofumigation, Ajay also talked about how brassica cover crops in cucumber production had a positive impact in terms of attracting pollinators by bringing a lot of bees. However, at the same time they also attracted cucumber beetles which caused a lot of cull fruits.

Here are the links to some articles on biofumigation:

http://www.growingproduce.com/article/22140/the-organic-report-the-potential-of-brassica
http://www.michiganorganic.msu.edu/uploads/files/31/Mustard%20Bulletin.pdf

Could the effect of brassica cover crops as biofumigants potentially be a cooperators’ project next year? Any thoughts on this topic?

Posted in Horticulture | Tagged | Leave a comment

Cover Crops and Livestock/Crop Insurance

On Wednesday, May 8 the Risk Management Agency released a bulletin stating that “farmers growing cover crops who wish to graze or hay their cover crops may ask their crop insurance agent for a written extension up to May 22, 2013.” Current RMA cover crop rules state that cover crops must not be grazed or hayed after May 10, 2013. Due to the cool spring and expensive feed for livestock producers, RMA offered farmers more flexibility for using their cover crop to offset expensive feed costs.

Cover crops must be terminated before planting the cash crop you wish to insure. Termination must be using tillage or herbicide. Grazing, mowing or haying a cover crop is not considered as a termination event. Please read the 2013 RMA rules here for Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota’s region.

Haying and Grazing of a Cover Crop – FINAL – 5-8-13

 

 

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What Holds Us Together: Shared Values

Another Gilbert generation on the farm: John C. and Sarah

Members of Practical Farmers have all kinds of farming systems. People frequently try to “pidgeon hole” us as just ridge tillers, or just organic producers (or whatever), but it is just not accurate to do so. If you need proof, check out our Field Day guide (which will arrive in the mail soon) for the wide range of enterprises we support.

So what holds this diverse group together? Some core values:
• We value ingenuity, exploration, experience and sharing of knowledge for solving on-farm challenges.
• We value diverse and independent farm operations that are integrated with and enhance the earth’s ecosystems.
• We value an agriculture that is economically and ecologically sustainable and built on a fair market system.
• We value widespread ownership of land and resources.
• We value commitment to family, community and the celebration of wholesome food.

I see these values practiced daily by all kinds of PFI members, but I am going to just pick on one farm family: The Gilberts.

John and Bev Gilbert, John’s brother Greg and his wife Barb, and John and Bev’s son and daughter-in-law John C. and Sarah, all farm together on 800 deeded acres between Iowa Falls and Hubbard. (John and Greg’s father William, who farmed with them, died recently; a portion of his obituary was featured in a recent PFI newsletter.)

A couple examples of the shared Gilbert-PFI values. Their farm is diverse. The centerpiece of their farm is a 90-head Brown Swiss herd (milk sold to Swiss Valley Farms) and 250-300 pigs sold to Niman Ranch and through a local locker. Their 650 tillable acres include corn, food-grade soybeans, alfalfa hay, oats and a variety of annuals. Their tilled acres mainly feed livestock.

The Gilberts are constantly working to explore answers to on-farm challenges, and John is a frequent PFI Cooperator. He reports that “Diversity in seeds and breeds are a priority for our family, which is why I participate with Practical Farmers of Iowa in a trial to test and increase the varieties of corn seed available. That option is no longer available because genetic modification of seed has led to rapid corporate consolidation in the seed industry and specialty seed varieties are no longer important to the corporations.”

The Gilberts also value widespread ownership of resources and make it a priority to own their own livestock. Says John: “Farmer-owned livestock is much more likely to be a positive for local economies and environments. Livestock makes more limited acreages economically viable, creates a need for soil-conserving forages, provides income and work for a family on the farm, builds stronger local communities and is the time-honored way for new generations to enter farming.”

With John C. and Sarah’s return to the farm a few years ago, the older John reports: “Adding another generation is a major step toward sustaining the farm. The challenges involved are a small price to pay for what adding a son and daughter-in-law means long term. The Gilbert family has farmed in Hardin County since coming from Delaware County in the 1870s.”

Talk about commitment to family and community!

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Frantzen Family Farm Legacy

Comments from Tom and Irene Frantzen
on their generational transfer plans

2013 Practical Farmers of Iowa Annual Conference
Noon Lunch Program Jan. 12, 2013

Tom:
Progress has little to do with speed but a lot to do with direction. I would say that the first years we farmed may had had speed but the way our farm was operated had little direction.
That would change in October of 1979 when Pope John Paul the Second made his historic visit to Iowa. My elderly mother was very excited about this visit, and she made careful arrangements to be a part of this gathering.
I certainly knew about the commotion, but I had more important things to do. One of those activities was to get our barn painted. It was a brisk October day, and although I seldom listen to the radio, as I proceeded to brush the red paint on, I listened to the address from a radio broadcast. I heard the words “the land is yours to be preserved for generation upon generation.”

I was dumbstruck. I could not continue to paint. I actually felt as if the Pontiff was on the ladder with me! I slowly crawled to the ground, set aside my brush and pail, and went for a long walk. Tears fell, and I was overcome with emotion.
In the years that followed on the farm, I would say we walked by faith and not by sight. We had a direction of stewardship, but each step brought uncertainty. These steps became easier when the Land Stewardship and Practical Farmers of Iowa came into existence. We were not alone in this journey of stewardship.

Allan Savory brought the concept of holistic management to the United States soon afterwards. Irene and I took this course, where we learned the value of a goal-oriented decision-making process supported by our personal values. We wrote a three-part goal for our farm, and we have used these principles to guide our decision-making ever since.

We began the discussion of generational transfer the year that I turned 57. I will be 61 this spring, and that transfer plan is in place. Our experience with Holistic Management gave us a valuable decision-making guide as we thought about what we wanted for this farm long-term. After some though we wrote this as our generational goal:
…long term protection for a true Iowa family farm that has significant conservation features blended into a working landscape

Now we could propose actions and see if those proposals supported this goal. We involved a consultant and had several meetings with that person. He visited the farm. Together we wrote a plan for the generational transfer of our land.
Then we set this proposal aside and thought about it—for about a year. We then rejected all of the consultant’s recommendations in regards to the farm. They failed to meet our defined goal.
Last winter we wrote a different plan for the farm. It is as Teresa has described.

There are two things in life that get us into trouble. One is compliments and the other is criticisms. If we think we deserve the compliments, we get a proud heart and pride always proceeds the fall. When we think we do not deserve the criticisms, we get a bitter heart and a bitter heart cannot be a heart filled with the Holy Spirit. The solution to this dilemma is to give those comments back to a Supreme Being when we receive them and not to get too involved with what others have to say about our actions.

This does not mean that other people’s input is without value, but that any comments or suggestions must be measured against our goals.

Irene:
We truly appreciate the love and support of our family, who are with us today. They have all been a part of the discussion and process toward our decision. I’d like to share a phrase that was in fact the inspiration for our action.  The love in your heart was not put there to stay. It is not really love until you give it away.

We have full confidence in PFI to be good stewards in protecting and preserving the Frantzen Farm long after we are gone. We care about the land and the community all around. We want the Frantzen Farm to be a continuance of a healthy Iowa family farm in Chickasaw County. What better way to do this but through the hands and love, and the trust of PFI. PFI is more than just growing crops and putting food on the table. PFI has been a big part of our lives for many years. You are our family, our extended family. We believe in you,  PFI’s values, and in our hearts we know we have done the right thing.

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Soil Temperatures in NW IA cover crop and no-till fields

Wanted to report some soil temperatures readings from the field today.
Earl Hafner near Panora in central Iowa, measured soil temperatures in two fields both covered with 2 inches of snow: 1)with winter wheat cover crop and 2) without cover crop.
Soil temperatures in the cover crop field were: 42F and in the no cover crop were 36F.

Nathan Anderson in NW IA near Aurealia also tested fields midday today. Nathan took three readings at each site and averaged those temperatures. He used a Galva 310B Soil Type and measured to 4″ depth. Air temperature is 39.8F.  Treatments were no-till bean stubble with and without rye cover crop and no-till corn stalks with and without rye cover crop. There is no snow on his fields today.

***No-till cornstalks: 39.5F ***No-till cornstalks with rye cover crop: 41F
***No-till bean stubble: 40.3F ***No-till bean stubble with rye cover crop: 40.3F

***Note pictures might not be in order of the temperatures above

He notes that he also tested the crown of the rye plant outside of these readings and it was on average at 41.6F.

If you’ve taken soil temperature readings this spring pass them along so we can post them. The cover crop might help melt the snow faster!

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